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侵权纠纷 Infringement Dispute
侵权纠纷是指因侵害他人合法权益引发的法律责任争议，主要围绕人身权、财产权、知识产权等权益保护展开。根据侵害对象及行为特征，可分为以下核心类型及法律要点：
一、人身权侵权纠纷 Disputes over infringement of personal rights

1、生命权、健康权、身体权侵害

  • 暴力伤害：打架斗殴致人受伤或死亡，行为人需赔偿医疗费、丧葬费等；

  • 场所责任：公共场所未履行安全保障义务致人损害（如宾馆未登记人员致住客遭性侵，经营者担责30%）；

  • 物件致害：建筑物脱落、坠落造成损害（如外墙瓷砖砸伤路人，所有人或管理人承担过错推定责任）；

2、人格权侵害

  • 名誉权/隐私权：恶意造谣、公开他人隐私信息（如网络散布不实谣言）；

  • 姓名权/肖像权：未经许可冒用姓名或肖像牟利；

1. Infringement of the rights to life, health, and body

  • Violent injury: If a fight or brawl causes injury or death to someone, the perpetrator shall compensate for medical expenses, funeral expenses, etc;

  • Venue responsibility: Failure to fulfill safety obligations in public places resulting in harm to individuals (such as unregistered personnel in hotels causing sexual assault on guests, the operator is responsible for 30%);

  • Object damage: damage caused by building detachment or falling (such as external wall tiles injuring pedestrians, the owner or manager shall bear presumed fault responsibility);

2. Infringement of personality rights

  • Reputation/Privacy Rights: Malicious spreading of rumors, disclosure of others' private information (such as spreading false rumors online)

  • Name/Portrait Rights: Unauthorized use of name or portrait for profit

二、财产权侵权纠纷 Disputes over infringement of property rights

1、物权侵害

  • 毁损财物：故意损毁他人财产（如砸坏车辆）或施工过失致损（挖断电缆）；

  • 不当得利：错误转账、无合法依据获利需返还；

2、知识产权侵害

  • 盗用成果：未经授权使用商标、专利或作品（如仿冒品牌销售）；

1. Infringement of Property Rights

  • Damage to property: Intentionally damaging the property of others (such as smashing vehicles) or causing damage due to construction negligence (cutting cables);

  • Improper enrichment: incorrect transfer, profit without legal basis must be returned;

2. Intellectual property infringement

  • Unauthorized use of trademarks, patents, or works (such as counterfeit brand sales);

 三、特殊场景侵权纠纷 Infringement disputes in special scenarios

1、产品责任侵权

  • 缺陷产品致人身伤害或财产损失（如劣质电器引发火灾），生产者或销售者承担无过错责任；

2、网络侵权

  • 侵犯网络隐私权、散布侵权信息（如人肉搜索曝光个人信息）；

3、高危活动侵权

  • 饲养动物伤人（未栓绳宠物咬伤路人）、高空抛物致损；

4、环境与资源侵权

  • 非法采矿破坏生态（如盗挖连砂石获利413万元，追缴违法所得并处罚金）；

1. Product liability infringement

  • Defective products causing personal injury or property damage (such as fires caused by inferior electrical appliances), the producer or seller shall bear no fault liability;

2. Internet infringement

  • Infringement of online privacy rights and dissemination of infringing information (such as exposing personal information through human flesh searches);

3. Infringement of high-risk activities

  • Animal husbandry causing injury (pets without ropes biting pedestrians), high-altitude throwing causing damage;

4. Environmental and Resource Infringement

  • Illegal mining damages the ecology (such as illegally excavating sand and gravel for a profit of 4.13 million yuan, recovering illegal gains and imposing fines);

四、侵权责任认定与赔偿 Determination of infringement liability and compensation

1、责任构成要件

  • 违法行为：违反法律义务（如未设安全警示致人溺亡）；

  • 损害事实：人身伤害、财产损失或精神损害；

  • 因果关系：侵权行为与损害结果直接关联（如产品缺陷导致使用者中毒）；

  • 主观过错：故意或过失（特殊侵权适用无过错责任）；

2、赔偿范围

  • 人身损害：医疗费、误工费、残疾/死亡赔偿金、精神抚慰金；

  • 财产损害：直接损失（财物价值）、间接损失（可得利益）；

  • 惩罚性赔偿：恶意侵权或严重过错（如危害濒危野生动物东方白鹳，赔偿资源损失10万元）；

1. Elements of Responsibility Composition

  • Illegal behavior: Violation of legal obligations (such as drowning due to failure to set up safety warnings);

  • Fact of damage: personal injury, property damage, or mental injury;

  • Causal relationship: The infringement behavior is directly related to the damage result (such as product defects leading to user poisoning);

  • Subjective fault: intentional or negligent (special infringement applies no fault liability);

2. Compensation scope

  • Personal injury: medical expenses, loss of work expenses, disability/death compensation, mental distress compensation;

  • Property damage: direct loss (value of property), indirect loss (potential benefits);

  • Punitive damages: Malicious infringement or serious fault (such as endangering endangered wildlife Eastern White Stork, compensation for resource loss of 100000 yuan);

五、争议解决要点 Key points for dispute resolution

1、归责原则

  • 一般侵权适用过错责任，特殊侵权（产品缺陷、环境污染）适用无过错责任；

2、免责事由

  • 不可抗力、正当防卫、紧急避险可部分或全部免责；

3、证据关键

  • 监控录像、医疗记录、物证鉴定（如事故现场痕迹）；

4、法律依据

  • 《民法典》第1165条（过错责任）、第1202条（产品责任）；

  • 司法解释明确公共场所安保义务标准；

1. Principle of attribution of responsibility

  • General infringement is subject to fault liability, while special infringement (product defects, environmental pollution) is subject to no fault liability;

2. Reasons for exemption from liability

  • Force majeure, justifiable defense, and emergency avoidance may be partially or fully exempted from liability;

3. Key evidence

  • Surveillance footage, medical records, and physical evidence identification (such as traces at the accident scene);

4. Legal Basis

  • Article 1165 (fault liability) and Article 1202 (product liability) of the Civil Code;

  • Judicial interpretations clarify the standards for security obligations in public places;