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刑事案件 Criminal Defense
刑事案件是指犯罪嫌疑人或被告人被控侵害刑法所保护的社会关系，由国家公权力机关依法立案、侦查、审判并给予刑事制裁的案件，其具体内容如下：
 一、核心特征  Core Features

1、社会危害性

  • 行为须严重危害社会秩序或公共利益（如故意杀人、放火、爆炸）；

2、国家追诉性

  • 公安机关主动侦查，检察院提起公诉（区别于民事案件的“不告不理”）；

3、刑罚强制性

  • 可能判处刑罚（如有期徒刑、罚金、死刑等）；

1. Social harm

  • The behavior must seriously endanger social order or public interests (such as intentional homicide, arson, explosion);

2. National prosecution

  • The public security organs take the initiative to investigate, and the procuratorate initiates a public prosecution (different from the "no prosecution, no response" in civil cases);

3. Compulsory punishment

  • Possible sentencing (such as imprisonment, fines, death penalty, etc.);

二、案件分类（按侵害客体）Case classification (by infringing object)

1、危害公共安全

  • 典型罪名：放火、爆炸、投毒；

  • 核心特征：危及不特定多数人生命/财产安全；

2、侵犯人身权利

  • 典型罪名：故意杀人、强奸、故意伤害；

  • 核心特征：侵害生命权、健康权、性自主权；

3、侵犯财产权

  • 典型罪名：抢劫、盗窃、诈骗；

  • 核心特征：非法占有或毁损公私财物；

4、破坏经济秩序

  • 典型罪名：走私、金融诈骗、生产伪劣产品；

  • 核心特征：扰乱市场经济规则；

5、妨害社会管理

  • 典型罪名：聚众斗殴、妨害公务；

  • 核心特征：破坏公共管理秩序；

6、贪污贿赂/渎职

  • 典型罪名：受贿、滥用职权；

  • 核心特征：国家工作人员职务犯罪；

1. Endangering public safety

  • Typical charges: arson, explosion, poisoning;

  • Core feature: Endangering the life/property safety of an unspecified majority of people;

2. Infringement of personal rights

  • Typical charges: intentional homicide, rape, intentional injury;

  • Core features: infringement of the rights to life, health, and sexual autonomy;

3. Infringement of property rights

  • Typical charges: robbery, theft, fraud;

  • Core features: illegal possession or destruction of public or private property;

4. Disrupting economic order

  • Typical charges: smuggling, financial fraud, and production of counterfeit and inferior products;

  • Core features: Disrupting market economy rules;

5. Hindering social management

  • Typical charges: gathering to fight, obstructing official duties;

  • Core feature: Disrupting public management order;

6. Corruption, bribery/dereliction of duty

  • Typical charges: bribery and abuse of power;

  • Core features: Official crimes committed by state officials;

 三、认定要件 Identification requirements

1、主体适格

  • 自然人需达刑事责任年龄（通常16周岁以上）且具备责任能力；

  • 单位可构成走私、生产伪劣产品等罪主体；

2、主观过错

  • 故意：明知故犯（如预谋杀人）；

  • 过失：疏忽大意或过度自信（如交通肇事）；

3、客观行为

  • 危害行为与损害结果需存在因果关系（如投毒致人死亡）；

4、客体侵害

  • 行为侵犯刑法保护的社会关系（如盗窃罪侵害财产权）；

1.  Subject suitability

  • Natural persons need to reach the age of criminal responsibility (usually 16 years old or above) and have the ability to take responsibility;

  • The unit may constitute the subject of crimes such as smuggling and producing counterfeit and inferior products;

2. Subjective fault

  • Intentional: knowingly committing a crime (such as premeditated murder);

  • Negligence: Negligence or overconfidence (such as in a traffic accident);

3. Objective behavior

  • There must be a causal relationship between harmful behavior and the resulting harm (such as poisoning causing death);

4、Object infringement

  • Behavior that violates social relationships protected by criminal law (such as theft that infringes on property rights);


四、特殊程序机制 Special program mechanism

1、立案侦查

  • 公安机关主导证据收集（勘验、讯问、技术侦查）；

2、强制措施

  • 含拘传、拘留、逮捕等，限制人身自由以保障诉讼；

3、轻微犯罪封存制度

  • 对判刑≤3年的轻罪封存犯罪记录，降低“标签效应”；

4、特别程序

  • 未成年人案件不公开审理；精神病人强制医疗程序；

1. Filing an investigation

  • The public security organs take the lead in evidence collection (investigation, interrogation, technical investigation);

2. Compulsory measures

  • Including summons, detention, arrest, etc., restricting personal freedom to safeguard litigation

3. Minor Crime Sealing System

  • Seal criminal records for minor offenses with a sentence of ≤ 3 years to reduce the "labeling effect"

4. Special Program

  • Minor cases are not heard in public; Compulsory medical procedures for psychiatric patients;