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商事纠纷 Commercial Dispute
商事纠纷是指在商业活动中因合同履行、财产权益、公司治理等引发的法律争议，具体包括以下核心类型及法律要点：
 一、合同纠纷 Contract disputes

商事活动中最常见的争议类型，主要涉及：

1、合同效力争议

  • 合同是否成立、生效或可撤销（如欺诈、重大误解导致无效）；

  • 虚假意思表示（如名为买卖实为借贷担保）导致合同无效；

2、履行与违约纠纷

  • 未按约履行义务（如逾期交货、拒付货款）；

  • 质量不符约定、隐瞒标的物瑕疵（如房产抵押未披露）；

3、特殊合同类型

  • 买卖合同、借款合同纠纷占比较高；涉外合同可能涉及法律适用冲突（如适用外国法但违反外汇管理）；

The most common types of disputes in business activities mainly involve:
1. Contract validity dispute

  • Whether the contract is established, effective or revocable (such as invalid due to fraud or significant misunderstanding);

  • False expression of intention (such as claiming that the sale is actually a loan guarantee) leads to the invalidity of the contract;

2. Performance and breach disputes

  • Failure to fulfill obligations as agreed (such as overdue delivery, refusal to pay for goods);

  • Quality does not meet the agreement, concealing defects in the subject matter (such as undisclosed property mortgage);

3. Special Contract Types

  • The proportion of disputes in sales contracts and loan contracts is relatively high; Foreign contracts may involve conflicts of law application (such as applying foreign laws but violating foreign exchange management);

二、公司治理与权益纠纷  Corporate Governance and Equity Disputes

围绕公司设立、运营及股东权责：

1、资本纠纷

  • 股东未实缴出资或抽逃出资的责任认定；

  • 违法减资（如未通知债权人减资900万，股东需补充赔偿）；

2、股东权益争议

  • 股权确认、股东资格纠纷（隐名股东显名化诉求）；

  • 公司决议效力争议（程序违法或侵害股东权利）；

3、清算与破产纠纷

  • 破产清算中债权清偿顺序冲突（如股东债权劣后于普通债权人）；

  • 关联企业实质合并破产的适用条件；

Regarding the establishment, operation, and shareholder rights and responsibilities of the company:
1. Capital disputes

  • The determination of responsibility for shareholders' failure to pay in capital or withdrawal of capital;

  • Illegal capital reduction (if creditors are not notified to reduce capital by 9 million, shareholders need to supplement compensation);

2. Disputes over shareholder equity

  • Equity confirmation, shareholder qualification disputes (anonymous shareholder's request for name recognition);

  • Disputes over the effectiveness of company resolutions (due to procedural violations or infringement of shareholder rights);

3. Liquidation and bankruptcy disputes

  • Conflict in the order of debt repayment in bankruptcy liquidation (such as shareholders' debts being inferior to ordinary creditors);

  • The applicable conditions for the substantive merger and bankruptcy of affiliated enterprises;

 三、财产权益纠纷 Property rights disputes

1、物权争议

  • 所有权、担保物权归属冲突（如抵押财产处置权）；

  • 企业间资产权属登记错误引发确权诉讼；

2、债权与不当得利

  • 货款/借款拖欠追索；

  • 无合法依据获利（如错误转账）的返还责任；

1. Property disputes

  • Conflict of ownership and security interests (such as the right to dispose of mortgaged property);

  • Registration errors in the ownership of assets between enterprises have led to lawsuits for property rights confirmation;

2. Debt and unjust enrichment

  • Recovery of overdue payments/loans;

  • The responsibility for returning profits without legal basis (such as erroneous transfers);

四、特殊类型争议 Special type disputes

1、金融与票据纠纷

  • 证券发行欺诈、保险理赔拒付；

  • 票据背书、承兑效力争议（如汇票拒付）；

2、知识产权侵权

  • 商业秘密盗用、商标/专利侵权赔偿；

3、国际商事纠纷

  • 跨境合同法律适用冲突（如约定境外法但违反国内外汇管制）；

  • 域外仲裁裁决承认与执行（如乌克兰仲裁裁决在华执行程序）；

1. Financial and Bill Disputes

  • Fraud in securities issuance and refusal to pay insurance claims;

  • Disputes over the effectiveness of bill endorsement and acceptance (such as bill refusal);

2. Intellectual property infringement

  • Trade secret theft, trademark/patent infringement compensation;

3. International commercial disputes

  • Conflict of legal application in cross-border contracts (such as complying with foreign laws but violating domestic and foreign exchange controls);

  • Recognition and enforcement of extraterritorial arbitration awards (such as the enforcement procedure of Ukrainian arbitration awards in China);

五、争议解决要点 Key points for dispute resolution

1、管辖规则

  • 合同纠纷可协议管辖，但不动产等专属管辖除外；

  • 涉外商事可由国际商事法庭审理（如苏州国际商事法庭）；

2、法律适用

  • 《民法典》合同编、物权编及《公司法》为主要依据；

  • 违法减资参照抽逃出资规则判股东补充赔偿；

3、多元化解决

  • 调解优先（如芬兰商事调解中律师中立协调）；

  • 仲裁裁决可转换为强制执行依据；

1. Jurisdiction rules

  • Contract disputes can be governed by agreement, except for exclusive jurisdiction such as real estate;

  • Foreign commercial matters can be tried by international commercial courts (such as Suzhou International Commercial Court);

2. Application of Law

  • The main basis is the Contract Code, Property Code, and Company Law of the Civil Code;

  • Illegally reducing capital shall be judged as supplementary compensation to shareholders in accordance with the rules for withdrawing capital contributions;

3. Diversified solutions

  • Prioritize mediation (such as lawyer neutral coordination in Finnish commercial mediation);

  • The arbitration award can be converted into a basis for compulsory enforcement;